Factors | Emergence | Maintenance of Powor | ||||||
| Hitler | Mao | Hitler | Mao | |||||
| Economic Factors | Reparations (INTRO)TOV $6.6 billion = economy crippled.Germany gets loans from USA, economically dependent (1920s: Golden Years – US biggest export partner of Weimar) Ruhr crisis (1923)French and Belgium troops invaded industrial landGerman workers refused to work with themRuhr workers began strikes —> lead to hyperinflation Great Depression (1924 – 1929)German economic model crashes (USA Loans → Reinvestments → payment to USA and Allies, DAWES PLAN 1924)Huge economic crisis (Loans stop plans stops)Allies demand reparations Weimar republic had no solutions for the GD:Attempted to restrict foreign imports —> leads to unemployment Try to reduce state expenditure → people got mad Revisionist perspective Ian Kershaw: Economic factors and miscalculations of the Weimar republic were the major problems germany hadHad there been no economic crisis, Nazi Party would’ve remained a failure → opportunistic. | Background (INTRO)Qing dynasty had just been ousted → country divided into provinces controlled by warlords (4% of the population owned 70% of the land)extensive inflation, unemployment, and seasonal starvation China affected by GD: GDP shrink by 35% in 1930. Peasants (80% of population) faced taxes higher than 70% under GMD 1930s: Agricultural nation that depended on foreign powers.Dependent of foreign powers, lack of industry Peasants were the most affected by the poor economic conditions of China, the need for a new system emerged. Communist ideology suitable for Chinese reality because it helped the working class. | Hitler abolish trade unions → obligatory for all German workers to join the German Labour Front (Nazi Organization). That way, Hitler could control industry. Remilitarisation helped the economy developThe creation of weapons created jobs for the unemployedHelped recover from the Great Depression (1929) → showed Hitler could provide for those affected during the control of the Weimar republic. | 1953 – Businesses nationalized.1958: Collectivization, AKA Great Leap Forward. | ||||
| Political Factors | NSDAP (Nazi party) main focus was to revoke ToV 1919 and gain territory to accommodate German surplus population (INTRO). Weakness of Weimar Republic: despite a democratic constitution, it still was weak.RULE OF DECREE —> Article 48 Gave President dictatorial powersWeimar gov. Lacked the confidence of the people Because the government couldn’t solve issues + people used to being led by a single leader.Proportional Representation: difficult for a single party to rule.6 coalition governments between 1924-29. Use of democracy new, rejected by the peopleWere used to being ruled by the Fuhrer (monarchy like government)German supported extremist parties —> NSDAP 12 seats in 1928 to 230 seats in 1932 Orthodox perspectiveE. Anderson: Weimar gov. Didnt put much importance over nazi political leaders. They believed that they could control hitlerHowever, Hitler outmaneuver the government and manage to outmaneuver the gov. And establish dominance over the other parties“Hitler became appealing due to his determined, charismatic, and powerful conduct.” | China was humiliated by the ToV and 21 demandsGerman colonies were given to Japan → humiliating for China. China contribute in WW195,000 workers were sent in 1916/ 20,000 diedMay 4th Movement began in 1919Anti-imperialist movementWestern powers ignored Chinese help and did not returned the favor Nanjing Decade (1927-37):First United Front (1924): (Eradicate warlord era) Mao was a key person in negotiations, the objective was met, however, they failed to create a single party state.Second United Front (‘37-’41): during Second Sino-Japanese war. GMD’s image damaged → refused to unite again because “communism was more dangerous than war”. CCP said “Chinese do not fight Chinese”. Nanjing Decade proved China’s politics were unstable and that Civil War is inevitable. Once CW broke out, it only showed GMD’s weaknesses and CCP’s/Mao’s strength. Revisionist perspective: GMD defeat + CCP victory in Civil War is due to failings of the GMD during the Nanjing decade. | 1933 The Reichstag Fire (Shooting Decree)Nazi denounced it as a large-scale communist plot → communist party was expelled from parliament → less opposition for HitlerDutch council was found in the Reichstag. Reichstag Fire DecreeFire used as the legal basis for decree: imprisonment of anyone considered to be opponent of the Nazi party (communists and jews and other minorities)SA allowed to intimidate other parties. As soon as Hitler came to power, he needed the whole country in his favor, therefore he started to create a common enemy, Jews were used as a scapegoat. March 1933: Enabling Act.By this time, (communist) KPD/SPD had been silenced because of Shooting Decree. Hitler needed to convince Zentrum and DNVP to reach ⅔ of votes to pass the Enabling Act. He convinces them. Once passed, Hitler could pass any law without the Reichstag → Allowed him to turn Germany into a one-state party. Could only be stopped by the president. 1933-1934: Gleichschaltung (aka Nazification):All parties except the NSDAP were outlawed. Trade unions abolished. Jews removed from jobs.Church intimidated into supporting Hitler. Revisionist perspective: Hitler was able to consolidate his power through legal means, as he manipulated the governmental system into his favour.However this could be discussed due to repression of opposition.Orthodox perspective: AJP Taylor —> Hitler was the most popular leader in Europe | China divided into 6 regions, each governed by 4 officials.2 of those 4 were “elected”: Military Commander and Political Commissioner, but were actually hand picked by Mao. This enabled Mao to have military control over every region, regardless of who the Chairman was (1 of 4) Politburo: 20 CCP members that led the government → all under Mao’s authority. Easy for Mao to control all decisions taken. 1957 The Flowers Campaign → Mao invited criticism from the population. For CCP members it was important to debate issues that China was facing When denunciations became personal to Mao’s way of ruling, Mao responded by ending the campaign500,000 rightists were executed and 100,000 re educatedTherefore, Mao was capable of identifying his opponents → easy for him to control opposition. Orthodox perspective argues that Mao planned 100FC in order to capture/execute opposition He argues that maos objective was to control the party and society easily. However, the revisionist perspective argues that Mao was genuinely seeking criticism, Lei Feigon argued that maos motives were more pragmatic. He argues that the 100FC was Mao’s attempt to encourage influence and wanted its inefficiencies to be publicly identified Whatever his motives, by eliminating opposition. Mao had strengthened his position in the party and wider country. | ||||
| Social + Propaganda | Social factors:People are angry against Weimar, they are facing an economic crisis and had lost all their savings in previous years.War veterans are left aside, fell unrecognised. Still feel betrayed by the Weimar republic and the armistice.People called the Armistice the “Diktat”. “November Criminals”. “Jews in worldwide conspiracy to global domination + to blame for WW1 loss”. Unlike other Weimar political leaders, Hitler tackled these issues. As a result, him and the population had a mutual resent. This formed a strong support link for him. Propaganda Hitler started to use Jews as scapegoats to base problems Cult of personality (Hitler)Excellent orator Hitler speeches focused on blaming the Weimar gov. Because of the economic situation He proposed a new germany unified by race and nationalism E.g.: When entering the military you take an oath to serve Hitler. | Reasons for people liking Mao:Mao himself was humble with a working class background w/ abusive father → relatable figure for Chinese population. Long March (1933-1934): despite losing 90% (100,000 only 22,000 survived) of CCP troops, the Long March was a huge victory → people started seeing Mao as a great military leader.Mao didn’t begin the Long March, however he was one of the few who kept going and by himself he assumed the responsibility of CCP leader. Communist ideology was effective because it suited the Chinese reality and its rural population. Posters of “Father Mao” watching over (protecting) the peasants at a farm. Promised better lives for them after years of abuse and exclusion. Yanan 1934: CCP leaders strongly considered Mao’s option of going north, from Jiangxi to Yanan Mao demanded fair treatment of peasants Mao created “Code of conduct” for soldiers (stop abuses) → women liked this because they were tired of being abused.Troops were courteous loyal and obedient. Mao promised basic services there.Mao was seen as an inspiration by the peasants and soldiersMao advocate for Mass LineCCP officials lived in villages and rural areas to learn from the peasants The Revisionist Perspective: gaining peasant support was KEY for his rise to power. Coastal areas had 20% of primary education and 1% secondaryWere easy to convince lol? Orthodox perspective: A contrary perspective on Mao’s aim argues: Li Lisan suggested that Mao should have focused on gaining the support of the proletarian class rather than the peasantry (USSR Communist model) | PropagandaJoseph Goebbels Minister of Propaganda (Appointed March 1933)Created powerful and efficient propaganda in 1933+ supporting Hitler and his ideas.He was a Gauleiter, Provoking street brawls and violent harassment on Communist and JewsRallies, parades, speeches and Hitler travelling around germany The Führer over Germany Goebbles constantly addressed common enemy communist/ jews/oppositionAs Hitler based its dictatorship on hate towards others groups such as Jews and other minorities, propaganda was essential to maintain a popular feeling of hate towards these groups and ensure their support. | Very popular amongst women. Mao implemented Pro-woman policies:Banned polygamy, child marriages, arranged marriages.Gave women’s right to vote.“Savior of women”. Every media outlet was controlled by the state → spread cult of personality. 1948 —> Most newspapers out of businessJournalists and editors had gone through re education Media was replaced with communist rallies/songs/slogans widely advertising the success of the revolution 1951: Thought Reform → workers in China were reeducated into Communist doctrine. “New people”. 1964: Little Red Book: everyone had one of this. Used to spread Communist ideas and glorify Mao’s. Second most sold book after the bible.Can be seen as a replica of Stalin’s cult of personality. Re education in chinese population was KEY, because most peasants were indoctrinated by confucianism Limiting peasant thoughts CULTURE:Culture was the means by which rulers imposed their control over the people, because China was proletariat, its culture was too. Therefore, Mao had to eradicate this at all costs.All bourgeois and feudal culture had to be eliminated | ||||
| Control of opposition / Use of force | SA —> intimate enemies (no violent). everybody knew the objective of nazism because it was based on populist ideas, but actually not so many people knew their intentions | 1930: Futian Incident —> Mao order to torture and execute 4,000 troops of the red armyMao accused them of plotting against himFear of opposition spies Yanan, after 1934: Mao gave practical form of his concept of revolution Mao sent red army units to occupy nearby territoriesExecute landowners in front of their workers to prove justice.Lands were declared “liberated”Land was redistributed among the peasants (agrarian reform) | June 1934: Night of the Long KnivesHitler’s purge within his own party → SA leader Ernst Rohm was shot + other thousands. Anyone who disagreed with his way of ruling was killed. E.g.: Rohm had socialist ideas. Prosecution of minorities:Hitler persecuted those who were considered inferior to the aryan race. Those included Jews, Homosexuals and handicapped/disabled. Since Hitler assumed Chancellor in January 1933 one of his main focus was to eliminate opposition from other parties. However, the Night of the Long Knives marked another way of Hitler using force to control opposition: from within his own party. This eliminated every possibility of there being someone challenging Hitler’s power: Trade unions had been abolished = citizens could no longer oppose him.Political parties were banned = Nazis were only ones with legislative, judicial and executive power.Night of the Long Knives = everyone in the Nazi Party was loyal to Hitler. 1933 Goring established the policy of the Gestapo Instrument of repression to keep Germany in orderRetain opposition ideas on the streetsGestapo relied on the culture of denunciationBrutal repression on opposition parties KPD and SPD | The imposition of military control and the reunification were KEY for the consolidation of power. Also, control over religion elements and tratituanal culture acted as resistors to Maos power. Most yo chil 1966 – 1976 Cultural Revolution: get rid of Confucian ideals and eliminate intellectuals that may oppose in the future. All art had to be related to Mao.200 artists killed. Approx. 1.5 million killed due to Cultural Revolution. Revisionist perspective: the Cultural Revolution led to a decade of turmoil and civil strife that drove the country to chaos. Also, Mao’s attempt to transform Chinese society (Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution) completely failed. Mao created the Red Guards to destroy the “four olds”(old customs, old habits, old culture and old ides)Target religion: eliminate Target education system: teachers taken, denounced for spreading myths of the past 1950 Reunification Campaigns: People’s Liberation Army was sent Western and Northern China to “annex outlying parts and improve living conditions”. Main purpose was to impose martial law and repress independence movements (mostly driven by religion). Tibet, Guangdong, Xinjiang → people were put in working camps. | ||||
| Foreign Policy | Completely ignored the ToV. Hitler Achieved:Anschluss (unification of Austria and Germany) 99% votes in favor of this. Referendum was manipulated.Remilitarization of the Rhineland → the allies did nothing against this.Took the sudetenland → later on the rest of Checoslovakia. The allies permitted this. Can be seen as a further attempt to achieve Lebensraum Introduction of appeasement by the allies:Allowed Hitler to undo the ToV completing its initial objective. Allowed Hitler to expand, remilitarise key strategic points and greatly expand its army → expansion of army contributed towards economy. The close to non-existent response of the allies allow Htler to increase its power. Prior to expansion Germany only had 100,000 troops and no air force. It Germany wasn’t allowed to expand had been attacked before it would have lacked the means to defend itself. Appeasement allowed for Hitler’s aim achievement. | Korean War: 1950: Mao sends 250,00 PLA troops to Korea. During the war the number rose to 3 million troops. China joined the Korean War to accomplish a couple of things:Gain technology + aid from Russia.Demonstrate the West the power of China.To gain the country’s trust. First, he wanted to see if the population was loyal to him by asking for volunteers to go to the war → they certainly did. Second, to increase country’s morality. China ridiculized the West during some portion of the war, by pushing Western troops into Seoul. De-stalinization:The process of de-stalinization Khrushchev initiated had an impact on China. Stalin’s cult of personality was reduced → Mao was afraid the Chinese population would start doing the same. In order to not allow de-stalinization ideas to infiltrate the country, Mao diminished Sino-Soviet relations. Sino – Soviet rift 1958 – 1976Mao’s alliance with stalin in the korean war played a part in strengthening Mao’s consolidation of power. However, by 1956 Nikita Khrushchev proposed a different approach of communismMao did not like USSR improved relations with the west | ||||||
| Ideology | Having served in the army he had a hatred towards the Weimar republic and the november criminals. He believed the Aryan race was superior. He wanted to increase the librarian population. For this he needed “Lebensraum” (living space) → imperialistic.He believed Jews were responsible for the bad in the world → prosecuted them. | Every aspect of social, economic and political are linked to his ideology Mao consider himself a strong nationalist that adopted communism Mao believed that unifying the greater population (80% were peasants) will consolidate a rigorous revolution against Chinese oligarchy Mao defined his revolution as national movement rather than a class movement Mao ideological victory over internal opponents gave him tighter control over the CCPMilitary planner/ had determination allowed him to silence his competition Historian perspective: Mao’s ideology and strategy were crucial to the survival of the CCP in 1934 because of the long march Mao’s guerrilla tactics and military leadership were crucial | He now prosecuted those seemed inferior (homosexuals, disabled, handicapped) to the aryan race on top of Jews. | Communist movement starting to be similar to the USSR’s communist model (introduction of the cult of personality). However a key difference still lies as Mao started his revolution with the peasantry and not the proletariat.(before Khrushchev 1952) | ||||
RISE TO POWER
19. “The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors.” Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. m17
19 . To what extent did economic factors contribute to the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from a different region? n17
19. Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states. m18 tz1
19. Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states. m18 tz2
20. To what extent was authoritarian control achieved in two 20th-century states? m18 tz2
19. Compare and contrast the importance of the use of force on the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from a different region.n19
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MAINTENANCE OF POWER
20. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. m17
20. “The maintenance of power was dependent on the successful control of opposition.” Discuss with reference to two authoritarian leaders. n17
20. “The domestic policies of authoritarian states rarely benefitted women.” Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states.m18 tz1
19. Examine the impact of the foreign policy of two authoritarian states on the maintenance of power in those states. n18
20. “Social and economic policies in authoritarian states did not always achieve their aims.” Discuss with reference to one authoritarian state. n18
19. . “The use of force was the most important method used to maintain power in authoritarian states.” Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states m19 tz1
20. Compare and contrast the impact of the policies of two authoritarian states on women. m19 tz1
19. “Control of opposition was the most important method used to maintain power in authoritarian states.” Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. m19 tz2
20. Compare and contrast the impact of the policies of two authoritarian states on women. m19 tz2
20. Evaluate the impact of domestic economic policies on the maintenance of power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. n19